2/12/2023 0 Comments Gray wolf forms![]() In this study, we generate whole genomes of nine individual wolves, one coyote, and one golden jackal at 9–28× coverage using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform to geographically complement existing canine sequences. However, no studies have been performed to investigate population subdivision, demography, and relationships of gray wolves based on whole-genome sequences. 2005) provided a high-quality dog reference for comparison to wolves and other canids (e.g., Wang et al. The release of the boxer genome in 2005 ( Lindblad-Toh et al. Consequently, we test for alternative regions of origin with a geographically broad sample of gray wolves. ![]() Very recently, however, these conclusions were questioned by results from an extensive study of SNP genotypes in a worldwide sample of breed and village dogs, which concluded that dogs originated in Central Asia ( Shannon et al. ![]() This result is consistent with whole-genome analysis, showing that none of the extant wolf lineages from putative domestication centers (Europe, Israel, and China) were more closely related to dogs ( Freedman et al. However, a recent study based on ancient mtDNA analysis of dogs and wolves infers an origin in Europe from a now-extinct lineage of gray wolves ( Thalmann et al. Previous genetic evidence suggested that dogs were domesticated either in the Middle East or East Asia ( Savolainen et al. 2013), but the specific region of origin is controversial. The domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris), a descendant of gray wolves, is the most widely abundant large carnivore ( Vilà et al. These findings suggest the recent worldwide history of wolves is complex and needs to be assessed with a fuller sample of genomes from throughout the historic range of the species. (2014) found that Tibetan wolves experienced earlier and more dramatic population declines perhaps due to the extreme loss of wolf habitat with Late Pleistocene glaciations in the Tibetan Plateau. However, as inferred from genomic data, Zhang et al. The wolves from these three regions also suffered a substantial bottleneck that initiated ∼15 kya, which was nearly coincident with the Wisconsin glacial maximum ( Freedman et al. (2014) found an unexpected recent coalescence of ∼30 kya, suggesting that wolves existing before that time were phylogenetically distinct, a result supported by genetic, isotopic, and morphologic analyses ( Leonard et al. Using complete genome sequence data of a wolf from Europe, Israel, and China, Freedman et al. Genome-wide approaches using SNP genotyping arrays have confirmed these environmentally related genetic partitions and demonstrated extensive admixture with coyotes and, to a more limited extent, with domestic dogs ( Pilot et al. However, subsequent studies found subpopulation structure related to local environmental characteristics (e.g., Carmichael et al. Initial studies based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data suggested that the gray wolf had a complex evolutionary history without clear worldwide phylogeographic structure (e.g., Wayne et al. Gray wolves have an ancient origin, first appearing about 500 thousand years ago (kya) in Eurasia and in North America soon thereafter ( Nowak 1979 Kurten and Anderson 1980). The species is widely distributed throughout the Holarctic (including the Nearctic and Palearctic regions), and as many as 32 subspecies have been described ( Aggarwal et al. The gray wolf ( Canis lupus) is a dominant large predator that exerts important top-down effects on biodiversity ( Levi and Wilmers 2012 Ripple et al. Simple scenarios of dog domestication are confounded by admixture, and studies that do not take admixture into account with specific demographic models are problematic. Dogs have influenced the recent history of wolves through admixture and vice versa, potentially enhancing adaptation. We found extensive admixture between dogs and wolves, with up to 25% of Eurasian wolf genomes showing signs of dog ancestry. We suggest this crisis was related to the colonization of Eurasia by modern human hunter–gatherers, who competed with wolves for limited prey but also domesticated them, leading to a compensatory population expansion of dogs. All extant wolves have a surprisingly recent common ancestry and experienced a dramatic population decline beginning at least ∼30 thousand years ago (kya). However, no single wolf population is more closely related to dogs, supporting the hypothesis that dogs were derived from an extinct wolf population. The divergence between New and Old World wolves is the earliest branching event and is followed by the divergence of Old World wolves and dogs, confirming that the dog was domesticated in the Old World. To address questions about wolf relationships to each other and dogs, we assembled and analyzed a data set of 34 canine genomes. The gray wolf ( Canis lupus) is a widely distributed top predator and ancestor of the domestic dog.
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